Chronological Overview of Three Romes
I. Ancient Pagan Rome: 1250 years
A. The Monarchy (753 BCE-509 BCE): 250 years
The founding of Rome, building a population, religion, and public works
The revolution led by Lucius Junius Brutus
B. The Republic (509 BCE-27 BCE): 500 years
Roman civic virtue, the aristocracy and quarrels with the plebs, expansion and the Punic Wars, the influence of Greek civilization, the Caesarian revolution resisted by Marcus Brutus
C. The Empire (27 BCE-476 CE): 500 years
Expansion, beautification, and artistic achievement, along with moral and political corruption
II. Christian Rome (Medieval, Renaissance, Reformation): 1250 years
A. Early Christianity
Christianity establishes itself around the pagan empire.
B. The Middle Ages (476-1425)
1. Early Middle Ages (476-1000): Political chaos, depopulation of Rome
2. High Middle Ages (1000-1300): Mosaics, basilicas, and papal power
3. Late Middle Ages (1300-1425): Crises for the papacy; beauty in Rome
C. The Renaissance (1425- 1517[1] or -1527[2])
Renewed interest in ancient pagan Rome and Greece, with powerful effects on art, architecture, literature, and philosophy
D. The Reformation and Baroque Rome (1527-1725)
Attacked by Martin Luther and other “protestants,” Rome reforms and redecorates itself. (The latter part of the 18th century is hard to categorize, but remember that Italy is not yet a unified nation and Rome grew weaker.)
E. The Risorgimento (1815-1871)
Despite the policy of the Papacy, Italy is united on the modern principles of the rights of the individual. Its capital becomes Rome. The Pope refuses to recognize this new country.
III. Modern Secular Rome (1871-2005 ff) 135 years
A. Constitutional Monarchy (1871-1921)
Italy enters the modern political era, still with the Pope opposed.
B. Fascism under Mussolini (1921-1943)
Assorted crises, including WWI, allow a bold leader to seize control.
C. The Italian Republic (1946-Present)
Born amidst the ruin of war, struggling with corruption, but growing ever more prosperous
[1] Luther nails his “95 Theses” to church door in Wittenburg.
[2] Rome is sacked, with Protestant troops doing much of the sacking.
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